“If the enemy of my enemy is my friend,” Europe does not have a solid foundation for a security alliance.
Two days before the Dutch went to the polls to reject Ukraine’s Association Agreement, Gallop published a study on the perception of “national threats” across Eastern Europe. The survey was conducted in July 2015. The political context at the time was very different. But the result is nonetheless relevant.
Baltic States
Among the Baltic States, Russia is considered the biggest threat to national security: for Estonia that covers 58% of spontaneous responses, 46% in Lithuania, and 42% in Latvia.
Central Eastern Europe
Among the Visegrad four, the differences are sharp. Poland could be clustered with the Baltic States, as 69% of public opinion regards Russia as the biggest threat to its national security. But, only 17% of Slovaks, 15% of Czechs, and 14% of Hungarians consider Russia a threat to their national security.
Southeastern Europe
In Southeastern Europe, the Euro-Atlantic worldview is in quicksand. Romania has Baltic levels of fear of Russia, with 57% considering Moscow public enemy number one.
But, that is highly unusual in that part of Europe. 14% of Bulgarians fear the United States more than they fear Russia; in fact, they don’t fear Russia; 24% of Serbians fear Washington more than Moscow, although that may be more understandable given the experience of NATO bombings in 1999.
64% of Kosovars, 26% of Albanians, and 11% of Croatians consider Serbia as national enemy number one. In turn, 15% of Montenegrins consider their biggest enemy to be Albania.
14% of the citizens of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia consider their biggest enemy to be Greece.
Bosnia-Herzegovina is split. 10% of the citizens think their biggest enemy is Serbia; but there is another 10% that thinks their biggest enemy is the United States.
39% of Greeks consider their national enemy number one to be Germany, which is probably a reaction to the prevalent notion that Berlin champions austerity politics. Of course the conclusion adds to a climate of Euroscepticism that is not unknown or unique in Europe. It should be taken into account that the poll took place in July 2015, amidst negotiations of the first Syriza administration in Brussels, with the prevalent thinking at the time that Germany wants the Greek expulsion from the Eurozone.
Eastern Partnership
The six members of the Eastern Partnership can be roughly divided in three clusters.
Belarus considers the biggest enemy of the nation to be the United States.
Azerbaijan and Armenia fear each other.
Georgia and Ukraine fear Russia, by 52% and 48% respectively. Moldova also considers Russia to be the biggest threat to its national security, but only by 16%.
ISIS
Although not a country, even in July 2015 the Islamic State group was seen as a very significant threat to national security: 15% of Albanians, 8% of Czechs, 6% of Bulgarians, and 5% of Moldovans cited ISIS as a significant threat.
In the early 1990s until the mid-2000s was a project without an alternative; there was no serious contesting narrative.
I am afraid that the crisis has triggered a dangerous calculation in which the logic of “the enemy of my enemy” is the main underlying rationale. Europe is not being argued as a positive value, in which theoretically “the other” can buy into. Europe is primarily conceived as an alliance.
If Europe is seen as a super-identity that encompasses or assimilates/eradicates national identity, then it is a project doomed to failure. For 50 years, Europe was something “other” than the nation. Nations are narratives founded on a prime-other. Europe cannot be such a project. If it is, it will become “the other.”